Apache Airflow

| Category | Badges |
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| License |  |
| PyPI |    |
| Containers |    |
| Community |   !Commit Activity  |
| Dev tools |  |

| Version | Build Status |
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| Main |   |
| 3.x |   |

Apache Airflow (or simply Airflow) is a platform to programmatically author, schedule, and monitor workflows.

When workflows are defined as code, they become more maintainable, versionable, testable, and collaborative.

Use Airflow to author workflows (Dags) that orchestrate tasks. The Airflow scheduler executes your tasks on an array of workers while following the specified dependencies. Rich command line utilities make performing complex surgeries on Dags a snap. The rich user interface makes it easy to visualize pipelines running in production, monitor progress, and troubleshoot issues when needed.

Table of contents

• Project Focus
• Principles
• Requirements
• Getting started
• Installing from PyPI
• Installation
• Official source code
• Convenience packages
• User Interface
• Semantic versioning
• Version Life Cycle
• Support for Python and Kubernetes versions
• Base OS support for reference Airflow images
• Approach to dependencies of Airflow
• Contributing
• Community standards
• Agent-assisted contribution (apache-magpie)
• Voting Policy
• Who uses Apache Airflow?
• Who maintains Apache Airflow?
• What goes into the next release?
• Can I use the Apache Airflow logo in my presentation?
• Links
• Sponsors

Project Focus

Airflow works best with workflows that are mostly static and slowly changing. When the Dag structure is similar from one run to the next, it clarifies the unit of work and continuity. Other similar projects include Luigi, Oozie and Azkaban.

Airflow is commonly used to process data, but has the opinion that tasks should ideally be idempotent (i.e., results of the task will be the same, and will not create duplicated data in a destination system), and should not pass large quantities of data from one task to the next (though tasks can pass metadata using Airflow's XCom feature). For high-volume, data-intensive tasks, a best practice is to delegate to external services specializing in that type of work.

Airflow is not a streaming solution, but it is often used to process real-time data, pulling data off streams in batches.

Principles

• Dynamic: Pipelines are defined in code, enabling dynamic dag generation and parameterization.
• Extensible: The Airflow framework includes a wide range of built-in operators and can be extended to fit your needs.
• Flexible: Airflow leverages the Jinja templating engine, allowing rich customizations.

Requirements

Apache Airflow is tested with:

| | Main version (dev) | Stable version (3.3.0) | Deprecate version (2.11.2) |
|------------|------------------------------------|-------------------------------------|------------------------------|
| Python | 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14 | 3.10, 3.11, 3.12, 3.13, 3.14 | 3.10, 3.11, 3.12 |
| Platform | AMD64/ARM64 | AMD64/ARM64 | AMD64/ARM64(*) |
| Kubernetes | 1.30, 1.31, 1.32, 1.33, 1.34, 1.35 | 1.30, 1.31, 1.32, 1.33, 1.34, 1.35 | 1.26, 1.27, 1.28, 1.29, 1.30 |
| PostgreSQL | 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 | 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 |
| MySQL | 8.0, 8.4, Innovation | 8.0, 8.4, Innovation | 8.0, Innovation |
| SQLite | 3.15.0+ | 3.15.0+ | 3.15.0+ |

• Experimental

Note: MariaDB is not tested/recommended.

Note: SQLite is used in Airflow tests. Do not use it in production. We recommend
using the latest stable version of SQLite for local development.

Note: Airflow currently can be run on POSIX-compliant Operating Systems. For development, it is regularly
tested on fairly modern Linux Distros and recent versions of macOS.
On Windows you can run it via WSL2 (Windows Subsystem for Linux 2) or via Linux Containers.
The work to add Windows support is tracked via #10388, but
it is not a high priority. You should only use Linux-based distros as "Production" execution environment
as this is the only environment that is supported. The only distro that is used in our CI tests and that
is used in the Community managed DockerHub image is
Debian Bookworm.

Getting started

Visit the official Airflow website documentation (latest stable release) for help with
installing Airflow,
getting started, or walking
through a more complete tutorial.

> Note: If you're looking for documentation for the main branch (latest development branch): you can find it on s.apache.org/airflow-docs.

For more information on Airflow Improvement Proposals (AIPs), visit
the Airflow Wiki.

Documentation for dependent projects like provider distributions, Docker image, Helm Chart, you'll find it in the documentation index.

Installing from PyPI

We publish Apache Airflow as apache-airflow package in PyPI. Installing it however might be sometimes tricky
because Airflow is a bit of both a library and application. Libraries usually keep their dependencies open, and
applications usually pin them, but we should do neither and both simultaneously. We decided to keep
our dependencies as open as possible (in pyproject.toml) so users can install different versions of libraries
if needed. This means that pip install apache-airflow will not work from time to time or will
produce unusable Airflow installation.

To have repeatable installation, however, we keep a set of "known-to-be-working" constraint
files in the orphan constraints-main and constraints-2-0 branches. We keep those "known-to-be-working"
constraints files separately per major/minor Python version.
You can use them as constraint files when installing Airflow from PyPI. Note that you have to specify
correct Airflow tag/version/branch and Python versions in the URL.

1. Installing just Airflow:

> Note: Only pip installation is currently officially supported.

While it is possible to install Airflow with tools like Poetry or
pip-tools, they do not share the same workflow as
pip - especially when it comes to constraint vs. requirements management.
Installing via Poetry or pip-tools is not currently supported.

If you wish to install Airflow using those tools, you should use the constraint files and convert
them to the appropriate format and workflow that your tool requires.

pip install 'apache-airflow==3.3.0' 
 --constraint "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/airflow/constraints-3.3.0/constraints-3.10.txt"

1. Installing with extras (i.e., postgres, google)

pip install 'apache-airflow[postgres,google]==3.3.0' 
 --constraint "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/apache/airflow/constraints-3.3.0/constraints-3.10.txt"

For information on installing provider distributions, check
providers.

Installation

For comprehensive instructions on setting up your local development environment and installing Apache Airflow, please refer to the INSTALLING.md file.

Official source code

Apache Airflow is an Apache Software Foundation (ASF) project,
and our official source code releases:

• Follow the ASF Release Policy
• Can be downloaded from the ASF Distribution Directory
• Are cryptographically signed by the release manager
• Are officially voted on by the PMC members during the

Release Approval Process

Following the ASF rules, the source packages released must be sufficient for a user to build and test the
release provided they have access to the appropriate platform and tools.

Convenience packages

There are other ways of installing and using Airflow. Those are "convenience" methods - they are
not "official releases" as stated by the ASF Release Policy, but they can be used by the users
who do not want to build the software themselves.

Those are - in the order of most common ways people install Airflow:

• PyPI releases to install Airflow using standard pip tool
• Docker Images to install airflow via

docker tool, use them in Kubernetes, Helm Charts, docker-compose, docker swarm, etc. You can
read more about using, customizing, and extending the images in the
Latest docs, and
learn details on the internals in the images document.

• Tags in GitHub to retrieve the git project sources that

were used to generate official source packages via git

All those artifacts are not official releases, but they are prepared using officially released sources.
Some of those artifacts are "development" or "pre-release" ones, and they are clearly marked as such
following the ASF Policy.

User Interface

• Dags: Overview of all Dags in your environment.

!Dags

• Assets: Overview of Assets with dependencies.

!Asset Dependencies

• Grid: Grid representation of a Dag that spans across time.

!Grid

• Graph: Visualization of a Dag's dependencies and their current status for a specific run.

!Graph

• Home: Summary statistics of your Airflow environment.

!Home

• Backfill: Backfilling a Dag for a specific date range.

!Backfill

• Code: Quick way to view source code of a Dag.

!Code

Semantic versioning

As of Airflow 2.0.0, we support a strict SemVer approach for all packages released.

There are few specific rules that we agreed to that define details of versioning of the different
packages:

• Airflow: SemVer rules apply to core airflow only (excludes any changes to providers).

Changing limits for versions of Airflow dependencies is not a breaking change on its own.

• Airflow Providers: SemVer rules apply to changes in the particular provider's code only.

SemVer MAJOR and MINOR versions for the packages are independent of the Airflow version.
For example, google 4.1.0 and amazon 3.1.1 providers can happily be installed
with Airflow 2.1.2. If there are limits of cross-dependencies between providers and Airflow packages,
they are present in providers as install_requires limitations. We aim to keep backwards
compatibility of providers with all previously released Airflow 2 versions but
there will sometimes be breaking changes that might make some, or all
providers, have minimum Airflow version specified.

• Airflow Helm Chart: SemVer rules apply to changes in the chart only. SemVer MAJOR and MINOR

versions for the chart are independent of the Airflow version. We aim to keep backwards
compatibility of the Helm Chart with all released Airflow 2 versions, but some new features might
only work starting from specific Airflow releases. We might however limit the Helm
Chart to depend on minimal Airflow version.

• Airflow API clients: Their versioning is independent from Airflow versions. They follow their own

SemVer rules for breaking changes and new features - which for example allows to change the way we generate
the clients.

Version Life Cycle

Apache Airflow version life cycle:

| Version | Current Patch/Minor | State | First Release | Limited Maintenance | EOL/Terminated |
|-----------|-----------------------|-------------|-----------------|-----------------------|------------------|
| 3 | 3.3.0 | Maintenance | Apr 22, 2025 | TBD | TBD |
| 2 | 2.11.2 | EOL | Dec 17, 2020 | Oct 22, 2025 | Apr 22, 2026 |
| 1.10 | 1.10.15 | EOL | Aug 27, 2018 | Dec 17, 2020 | June 17, 2021 |
| 1.9 | 1.9.0 | EOL | Jan 03, 2018 | Aug 27, 2018 | Aug 27, 2018 |
| 1.8 | 1.8.2 | EOL | Mar 19, 2017 | Jan 03, 2018 | Jan 03, 2018 |
| 1.7 | 1.7.1.2 | EOL | Mar 28, 2016 | Mar 19, 2017 | Mar 19, 2017 |

Limited support versions will be supported with security and critical bug fix only.
EOL versions will not get any fixes nor support.
We always recommend that all users run the latest available minor release for whatever major version is in use.
We highly recommend upgrading to the latest Airflow major release at the earliest convenient time and before the EOL date.

Support for Python and Kubernetes versions

As of Airflow 2.0, we agreed to certain rules we follow for Python and Kubernetes support.
They are based on the official release schedule of Python and Kubernetes, nicely summarized in the
Python Developer's Guide and
Kubernetes version skew policy.

1. We drop support for Python and Kubernetes versions when they reach EOL. Except for Kubernetes, a

version stays supported by Airflow if two major cloud providers still provide support for it. We drop
support for those EOL versions in main right after EOL date, and it is effectively removed when we release
the first new MINOR (Or MAJOR if there is no new MINOR version) of Airflow. For example, for Python 3.10 it
means that we will drop support in main right after 27.06.2023, and the first MAJOR or MINOR version of
Airflow released after will not have it.

1. We support a new version of Python/Kubernetes in main after they are officially released, as soon as we

make them work in our CI pipeline (which might not be immediate due to dependencies catching up with
new versions of Python mostly) we release new images/support in Airflow based on the working CI setup.

1. This policy is best-effort which means there may be situations where we might terminate support earlier

if circumstances require it.

Base OS support for reference Airflow images

The Airflow Community provides conveniently packaged container images that are published whenever
we publish an Apache Airflow release. Those images contain:

• Base OS with necessary packages to install Airflow (stable Debian OS)
• Base Python installation in versions supported at the time of release for the MINOR version of

Airflow released (so there could be different versions for 2.3 and 2.2 line for example)

• Libraries required to connect to supported Databases (again the set of databases supported depends

on the MINOR version of Airflow)

• Predefined set of popular providers (for details see the Dockerfile).
• Possibility of building your own, custom image where the user can choose their own set of providers

and libraries (see Building the image)

• In the future Airflow might also support a "slim" version without providers nor database clients installed

The version of the base OS image is the stable version of Debian. Airflow supports using all currently active
stable versions - as soon as all Airflow dependencies support building, and we set up the CI pipeline for
building and testing the OS version. Approximately 6 months before the end-of-regular support of a
previous stable version of the OS, Airflow switches the images released to use the latest supported
version of the OS.

For example switch from `Debian Bullseye to Debian Bookworm` has been implemented
before 2.8.0 release in October 2023 and `Debian Bookworm` will be the only option supported as of
Airflow 2.10.0.

Users will continue to be able to build their images using stable Debian releases until the end of regular
support and building and verifying of the images happens in our CI but no unit tests were executed using
this image in the main branch.

Approach to dependencies of Airflow

Airflow has a lot of dependencies - direct and transitive, also Airflow is both - library and application,
therefore our policies to dependencies has to include both - stability of installation of application,
but also ability to install newer version of dependencies for those users who develop Dags. We developed
the approach where constraints are used to make sure airflow can be installed in a repeatable way, while
we do not limit our users to upgrade most of the dependencies. As a result we decided not to upper-bound
version of Airflow dependencies by default, unless we have good reasons to believe upper-bounding them is
needed because of importance of the dependency as well as risk it involves to upgrade specific dependency.
We also upper-bound the dependencies that we know cause problems.

The constraint mechanism of ours takes care about finding and upgrading all the non-upper bound dependencies
automatically (providing that all the tests pass). Our main build failures will indicate in case there
are versions of dependencies that break our tests - indicating that we should either upper-bind them or
that we should fix our code/tests to account for the upstream changes from those dependencies.

Whenever we upper-bound such a dependency, we should always comment why we are doing it - i.e. we should have
a good reason why dependency is upper-bound. And we should also mention what is the condition to remove the
binding.

Approach for dependencies for Airflow Core

Those dependencies are maintained in `pyproject.toml`.

There are few dependencies that we decided are important enough to upper-bound them by default, as they are
known to follow predictable versioning scheme, and we know that new versions of those are very likely to
bring breaking changes. We commit to regularly review and attempt to upgrade to the newer versions of
the dependencies as they are released, but this is manual process.

The important dependencies are:

• SQLAlchemy: upper-bound to specific MINOR version (SQLAlchemy is known to remove deprecations and

introduce breaking changes especially that support for different Databases varies and changes at
various speed)

• Alembic: it is important to handle our migrations in predictable and performant way. It is developed

together with SQLAlchemy. Our experience with Alembic is that it very stable in MINOR version

• Flask: We are using Flask as the back-bone of our web UI and API. We know major version of Flask

are very likely to introduce breaking changes across those so limiting it to MAJOR version makes sense

• werkzeug: the library is known to cause problems in new versions. It is tightly coupled with Flask

libraries, and we should update them together

• celery: Celery is a crucial component of Airflow as it used for CeleryExecutor (and similar). Celery

follows SemVer, so
we should upper-bound it to the next MAJOR version. Also, when we bump the upper version of the library,
we should make sure Celery Provider minimum Airflow version is updated.

• kubernetes: Kubernetes is a crucial component of Airflow as it is used for the KubernetesExecutor

(and similar). Kubernetes Python library follows SemVer,
so we should upper-bound it to the next MAJOR version. Also, when we bump the upper version of the library,
we should make sure Kubernetes Provider minimum Airflow version is updated.

Approach for dependencies in Airflow Providers and extras

The main part of the Airflow is the Airflow Core, but the power of Airflow also comes from a number of
providers that extend the core functionality and are released separately, even if we keep them (for now)
in the same monorepo for convenience. You can read more about the providers in the
Providers documentation. We also
have set of policies implemented for maintaining and releasing community-managed providers as well
as the approach for community vs. 3rd party providers in the providers document.

Those extras and providers dependencies are maintained in provider.yaml of each provider.

By default, we should not upper-bound dependencies for providers, however each provider's maintainer
might decide to add additional limits (and justify them with comment).

Contributing

Want to help build Apache Airflow? Check out our contributors' guide for a comprehensive overview of how to contribute, including setup instructions, coding standards, and pull request guidelines.

If you can't wait to contribute, and want to get started asap, check out the contribution quickstart here!

Official Docker (container) images for Apache Airflow are described in images.

Community standards

Everyone interacting with the Apache Airflow project — on GitHub, the
mailing lists, Slack, the CWiki, or anywhere else — is expected to
follow the Code of Conduct.

When repeated Code of Conduct breaches, spamming, abuse of project
resources, or other sustained disruptive behaviour cannot be resolved
through normal review and mentoring, the project applies the
Community escalation process. It describes
the steps maintainers and the PMC may take — from direct feedback,
through closing PRs, up to PMC-level or ASF-Infrastructure-level
blocks and reporting accounts to GitHub — and how affected
contributors can appeal a decision by emailing the PMC at
private@airflow.apache.org.

Agent-assisted contribution (apache-magpie)

This repo adopts the <code class="ra0-md-code">apache/magpie</code>
framework via a snapshot mechanism. The framework provides
maintainer-facing PR-management skills (pr-management-triage,
pr-management-code-review, pr-management-stats, pr-management-mentor)
that are exposed as agent skills in agent harnesses such as Claude Code.

The framework is not vendored — it lives as a gitignored snapshot
under .apache-magpie/, fetched on demand from the version pinned in
the committed <code class="ra0-md-code">.apache-magpie.lock</code>. The only
framework artefact committed to this repo is the magpie-setup skill
at <code class="ra0-md-code">.github/skills/magpie-setup/</code>;
everything else is a gitignored symlink the setup skill wires up.

A fresh clone needs the snapshot populated before any framework skill
is invocable. In your agent harness, run:

/magpie-setup

(or follow <code class="ra0-md-code">.claude/skills/magpie-setup/</code>)
to fetch the snapshot per the committed lock, scaffold the gitignored
symlinks, and install the post-checkout hook that re-creates them on
each worktree checkout.

Adopter-specific modifications to framework workflows live in
<code class="ra0-md-code">.apache-magpie-overrides/</code> (committed) —
never edit the snapshot directly. Framework changes go via PR to
<code class="ra0-md-code">apache/magpie</code>.

Voting Policy

• Commits need a +1 vote from a committer who is not the author
• When we do AIP voting, both PMC member's and committer's +1s are considered a binding vote.

Who uses Apache Airflow?

We know about around 500 organizations that are using Apache Airflow (but there are likely many more)
in the wild.

If you use Airflow - feel free to make a PR to add your organisation to the list.

Who maintains Apache Airflow?

Airflow is the work of the community,
but the core committers/maintainers
are responsible for reviewing and merging PRs as well as steering conversations around new feature requests.
If you would like to become a maintainer, please review the Apache Airflow
committer requirements.

What goes into the next release?

Often you will see an issue that is assigned to specific milestone with Airflow version, or a PR that gets merged
to the main branch and you might wonder which release the merged PR(s) will be released in or which release the fixed
issues will be in. The answer to this is as usual - it depends on various scenarios. The answer is different for PRs and Issues.

To add a bit of context, we are following the Semver versioning scheme as described in
Airflow release process. More
details are explained in detail in this README under the Semantic versioning chapter, but
in short, we have MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH versions of Airflow.

• MAJOR version is incremented in case of breaking changes
• MINOR version is incremented when there are new features added
• PATCH version is incremented when there are only bug-fixes and doc-only changes

Generally we release MINOR versions of Airflow from a branch that is named after the MINOR version. For example
2.7. releases are released from v2-7-stable branch, 2.8. releases are released from v2-8-stable
branch, etc.

1. Most of the time in our release cycle, when the branch for next MINOR branch is not yet created, all

PRs merged to main (unless they get reverted), will find their way to the next MINOR release. For example
if the last release is 2.7.3 and v2-8-stable branch is not created yet, the next MINOR release
is 2.8.0 and all PRs merged to main will be released in 2.8.0. However, some PRs (bug-fixes and
doc-only changes) when merged, can be cherry-picked to current MINOR branch and released in the
next PATCHLEVEL release. For example, if 2.8.1 is already released and we are working on 2.9.0dev, then
marking a PR with 2.8.2 milestone means that it will be cherry-picked to v2-8-test branch and
released in 2.8.2rc1, and eventually in 2.8.2.

1. When we prepare for the next MINOR release, we cut new v2--test and v2--stable branch

and prepare alpha, beta releases for the next MINOR version, the PRs merged to main will still be
released in the next MINOR release until rc version is cut. This is happening because the v2-*-test
and v2-*-stable branches are rebased on top of main when next beta and rc releases are prepared.
For example, when we cut 2.10.0beta1 version, anything merged to main before 2.10.0rc1 is released,
will find its way to 2.10.0rc1.

1. Then, once we prepare the first RC candidate for the MINOR release, we stop moving the v2-*-test and

v2-*-stable branches and the PRs merged to main will be released in the next MINOR release.
However, some PRs (bug-fixes and doc-only changes) when merged, can be cherry-picked to current MINOR
branch and released in the next PATCHLEVEL release - for example when the last released version from v2-10-stable
branch is 2.10.0rc1, some of the PRs from main can be marked as 2.10.0 milestone by committers,
the release manager will try to cherry-pick them into the release branch.
If successful, they will be released in 2.10.0rc2 and subsequently in 2.10.0. This also applies to
subsequent PATCHLEVEL versions. When for example 2.10.1 is already released, marking a PR with
2.10.2 milestone will mean that it will be cherry-picked to v2-10-stable branch and released in 2.10.2rc1
and eventually in 2.10.2.

The final decision about cherry-picking is made by the release manager.

Marking issues with a milestone is a bit different. Maintainers do not mark issues with a milestone usually,
normally they are only marked in PRs. If PR linked to the issue (and "fixing it") gets merged and released
in a specific version following the process described above, the issue will be automatically closed, no
milestone will be set for the issue, you need to check the PR that fixed the issue to see which version
it was released in.

However, sometimes maintainers mark issues with specific milestone, which means that the
issue is important to become a candidate to take a look when the release is being prepared. Since this is an
Open-Source project, where basically all contributors volunteer their time, there is no guarantee that specific
issue will be fixed in specific version. We do not want to hold the release because some issue is not fixed,
so in such case release manager will reassign such unfixed issues to the next milestone in case they are not
fixed in time for the current release. Therefore, the milestone for issue is more of an intent that it should be
looked at, than promise it will be fixed in the version.

More context and FAQ about the patchlevel release can be found in the
What goes into the next release document in the dev folder of the
repository.

Can I use the Apache Airflow logo in my presentation?

Yes! Be sure to abide by the Apache Foundation trademark policies and the Apache Airflow Brandbook. The most up-to-date logos are found in this repo and on the Apache Software Foundation website.

Links

• Documentation
• Chat
• Community Information

Sponsors

The CI infrastructure for Apache Airflow has been sponsored by: