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Node.js Best Practices

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🎊 2026 edition is here!

• 🛰 Modernized to 2026: Tons of text edits, new recommended libraries, and some new best practices

• ✨ Easily focus on new content: Already visited before? Search for #new or #updated tags for new content only

• 🔖 Curious to see examples? We have a starter: Visit Practica.js, our application example and boilerplate (beta) to see some practices in action

Welcome! 3 Things You Ought To Know First

1. You are reading dozens of the best Node.js articles - this repository is a summary and curation of the top-ranked content on Node.js best practices, as well as content written here by collaborators

2. It is the largest compilation, and it is growing every week - currently, more than 80 best practices, style guides, and architectural tips are presented. New issues and pull requests are created every day to keep this live book updated. We'd love to see you contributing here, whether that is fixing code mistakes, helping with translations, or suggesting brilliant new ideas. See our writing guidelines here

3. Best practices have additional info - most bullets include a 🔗Read More link that expands on the practice with code examples, quotes from selected blogs, and more information

By Yoni Goldberg

Learn with me: As a consultant, I engage with worldwide teams on various activities like workshops and code reviews. 🎉AND... Hold on, I've just launched my beyond-the-basics testing course, which is on a 🎁 limited-time sale until August 7th

Table of Contents

1. Project Architecture Practices

![✔] 1.1 Structure your solution by business components

📝 #updated

TL;DR: The root of a system should contain folders or repositories that represent reasonably sized business modules. Each component represents a product domain (i.e., bounded context), like 'user-component', 'order-component', etc. Each component has its own API, logic, and logical database. What is the significant merit? With an autonomous component, every change is performed over a granular and smaller scope - the mental overload, development friction, and deployment fear are much smaller and better. As a result, developers can move much faster. This does not necessarily demand physical separation and can be achieved using a Monorepo or with a multi-repo

my-system
├─ apps (components)
│  ├─ orders
│  ├─ users
│  ├─ payments
├─ libraries (generic cross-component functionality)
│  ├─ logger
│  ├─ authenticator

Otherwise: when artifacts from various modules/topics are mixed together, there are great chances of a tightly-coupled 'spaghetti' system. For example, in an architecture where 'module-a controller' might call 'module-b service', there are no clear modularity borders - every code change might affect anything else. With this approach, developers who code new features struggle to realize the scope and impact of their change. Consequently, they fear breaking other modules, and each deployment becomes slower and riskier

🔗 Read More: structure by components

![✔] 1.2 Layer your components with 3-tiers, keep the web layer within its boundaries

📝 #updated

TL;DR: Each component should contain 'layers' - a dedicated folder for common concerns: 'entry-point' where controller lives, 'domain' where the logic lives, and 'data-access'. The primary principle of the most popular architectures is to separate the technical concerns (e.g., HTTP, DB, etc) from the pure logic of the app so a developer can code more features without worrying about infrastructural concerns. Putting each concern in a dedicated folder, also known as the 3-Tier pattern, is the _simplest_ way to meet this goal

my-system
├─ apps (components)
│  ├─ component-a
   │  ├─ entry-points
   │  │  ├─ api # controller comes here
   │  │  ├─ message-queue # message consumer comes here
   │  ├─ domain # features and flows: DTO, services, logic
   │  ├─ data-access # DB calls w/o ORM

Otherwise: It's often seen that developer pass web objects like request/response to functions in the domain/logic layer - this violates the separation principle and makes it harder to access later the logic code by other clients like testing code, scheduled jobs, message queues, etc

🔗 Read More: layer your app

![✔] 1.3 Wrap common utilities as packages, consider publishing

TL;DR: Place all reusable modules in a dedicated folder, e.g., "libraries", and underneath each module in its own folder, e.g., "/libraries/logger". Make the module an independent package with its own package.json file to increase the module encapsulation, and allows future publishing to a repository. In a Monorepo setup, modules can be consumed by 'npm linking' to their physical paths, using ts-paths or by publishing and installing from a package manager repository like the npm registry

my-system
├─ apps (components)
  │  ├─ component-a
├─ libraries (generic cross-component functionality)
│  ├─ logger
│  │  ├─ package.json
│  │  ├─ src
│  │  │ ├─ index.js

Otherwise: Clients of a module might import and get coupled to internal functionality of a module. With a package.json at the root, one can set a package.json.main or package.json.exports to explicitly tell which files and functions are part of the public interface

🔗 Read More: Structure by feature

![✔] 1.4 Use environment aware, secure and hierarchical config

📝 #updated

TL;DR: A flawless configuration setup should ensure (a) keys can be read from file AND from environment variable (b) secrets are kept outside committed code (c) config is hierarchical for easier findability (d) typing support (e) validation for failing fast (f) Specify default for each key. There are a few packages that can help tick most of those boxes like convict, env-var, zod, and others

Otherwise: Consider a mandatory environment variable that wasn't provided. The app starts successfully and serve requests, some information is already persisted to DB. Then, it's realized that without this mandatory key the request can't complete, leaving the app in a dirty state

🔗 Read More: configuration best practices

![✔] 1.5 Consider all the consequences when choosing the main framework

🌟 #new

TL;DR: When building apps and APIs, using a framework is mandatory. It's easy to overlook alternative frameworks or important considerations and then finally land on a sub optimal option. As of 2023/2024, we believe that these four frameworks are worth considering: Nest.js, Fastify, express, and Koa. Click read more below for a detailed pros/cons of each framework. Simplistically, we believe that Nest.js is the best match for teams who wish to go OOP and/or build large-scale apps that can't get partitioned into smaller _autonomous_ components. Fastify is our recommendation for apps with reasonably-sized components (e.g., Microservices) that are built around simple Node.js mechanics. Read our full considerations guide here

Otherwise: Due to the overwhelming amount of considerations, it's easy to make decisions based on partial information and compare apples with oranges. For example, it's believed that Fastify is a minimal web-server that should get compared with express only. In reality, it's a rich framework with many official plugins that cover many concerns

🔗 Read More: Choosing the right framework

![✔] 1.6 Use TypeScript sparingly and thoughtfully

🌟 #new

TL;DR: Coding without type safety is no longer an option, TypeScript is the most popular option for this mission. Use it to define variables and functions return types. With that, it is also a double edge sword that can greatly _encourage_ complexity with its additional ~ 50 keywords and sophisticated features. Consider using it sparingly, mostly with simple types, and utilize advanced features only when a real need arises

Otherwise: Researches show that using TypeScript can help in detecting ~20% bugs earlier. Without it, also the developer experience in the IDE is intolerable. On the flip side, 80% of other bugs were not discovered using types. Consequently, typed syntax is valuable but limited. Only efficient tests can discover the whole spectrum of bugs, including type-related bugs. It might also defeat its purpose: sophisticated code features are likely to increase the code complexity, which by itself increases both the amount of bugs and the average bug fix time

🔗 Read More: TypeScript considerations

⬆ Return to top

2. Error Handling Practices

![✔] 2.1 Use Async-Await or promises for async error handling

TL;DR: Handling async errors in callback style is probably the fastest way to hell (a.k.a the pyramid of doom). The best gift you can give to your code is using Promises with async-await which enables a much more compact and familiar code syntax like try-catch

Otherwise: Node.js callback style, function(err, response), is a promising way to un-maintainable code due to the mix of error handling with casual code, excessive nesting, and awkward coding patterns

🔗 Read More: avoiding callbacks

![✔] 2.2 Extend the built-in Error object

📝 #updated

TL;DR: Some libraries throw errors as a string or as some custom type – this complicates the error handling logic and the interoperability between modules. Instead, create app error object/class that extends the built-in Error object and use it whenever rejecting, throwing or emitting an error. The app error should add useful imperative properties like the error name/code and isCatastrophic. By doing so, all errors have a unified structure and support better error handling. There is no-throw-literal ESLint rule that strictly checks that (although it has some limitations which can be solved when using TypeScript and setting the @typescript-eslint/no-throw-literal rule)

Otherwise: When invoking some component, being uncertain which type of errors come in return – it makes proper error handling much harder. Even worse, using custom types to describe errors might lead to loss of critical error information like the stack trace!

🔗 Read More: using the built-in error object

![✔] 2.3 Distinguish catastrophic errors from operational errors

📝 #updated

TL;DR: Operational errors (e.g. API received an invalid input) refer to known cases where the error impact is fully understood and can be handled thoughtfully. On the other hand, catastrophic error (also known as programmer errors) refers to unusual code failures that dictate to gracefully restart the application

Otherwise: You may always restart the application when an error appears, but why let ~5000 online users down because of a minor, predicted, operational error? The opposite is also not ideal – keeping the application up when an unknown catastrophic issue (programmer error) occurred might lead to an unpredicted behavior. Differentiating the two allows acting tactfully and applying a balanced approach based on the given context

🔗 Read More: operational vs programmer error

![✔] 2.4 Handle errors centrally, not within a middleware

TL;DR: Error handling logic such as logging, deciding whether to crash and monitoring metrics should be encapsulated in a dedicated and centralized object that all entry-points (e.g. APIs, cron jobs, scheduled jobs) call when an error comes in

Otherwise: Not handling errors within a single place will lead to code duplication and probably to improperly handled errors

🔗 Read More: handling errors in a centralized place

![✔] 2.5 Document API errors using OpenAPI or GraphQL

TL;DR: Let your API callers know which errors might come in return so they can handle these thoughtfully without crashing. For RESTful APIs, this is usually done with documentation frameworks like OpenAPI. If you're using GraphQL, you can utilize your schema and comments as well

Otherwise: An API client might decide to crash and restart only because it received back an error it couldn’t understand. Note: the caller of your API might be you (very typical in a microservice environment)

🔗 Read More: documenting API errors in Swagger or GraphQL

![✔] 2.6 Exit the process gracefully when a stranger comes to town

TL;DR: When an unknown error occurs (catastrophic error, see best practice 2.3) - there is uncertainty about the application healthiness. In this case, there is no escape from making the error observable, shutting off connections and exiting the process. Any reputable runtime framework like Dockerized services or cloud serverless solutions will take care to restart

Otherwise: When an unfamiliar exception occurs, some object might be in a faulty state (e.g. an event emitter which is used globally and not firing events anymore due to some internal failure) and all future requests might fail or behave crazily

🔗 Read More: shutting the process

![✔] 2.7 Use a mature logger to increase errors visibility

📝 #updated

TL;DR: A robust logging tools like Pino or Winston increases the errors visibility using features like log-levels, pretty print coloring and more. Console.log lacks these imperative features and should be avoided. The best in class logger allows attaching custom useful properties to log entries with minimized serialization performance penalty. Developers should write logs to stdout and let the infrastructure pipe the stream to the appropriate log aggregator

Otherwise: Skimming through console.logs or manually through messy text file without querying tools or a decent log viewer might keep you busy at work until late

🔗 Read More: using a mature logger

![✔] 2.8 Test error flows using your favorite test framework

📝 #updated

TL;DR: Whether professional automated QA or plain manual developer testing – Ensure that your code not only satisfies positive scenarios but also handles and returns the right errors. On top of this, simulate deeper error flows like uncaught exceptions and ensure that the error handler treat these properly (see code examples within the "read more" section)

Otherwise: Without testing, whether automatically or manually, you can’t rely on your code to return the right errors. Without meaningful errors – there’s no error handling

🔗 Read More: testing error flows

![✔] 2.9 Discover errors and downtime using APM products

TL;DR: Monitoring and performance products (a.k.a APM) proactively gauge your codebase or API so they can automagically highlight errors, crashes, and slow parts that you were missing

Otherwise: You might spend great effort on measuring API performance and downtimes, probably you’ll never be aware which are your slowest code parts under real-world scenario and how these affect the UX

🔗 Read More: using APM products

![✔] 2.10 Catch unhandled promise rejections

📝 #updated

TL;DR: Any exception thrown within a promise will get swallowed and discarded unless a developer didn’t forget to explicitly handle it. Even if your code is subscribed to process.uncaughtException! Overcome this by registering to the event process.unhandledRejection

Otherwise: Your errors will get swallowed and leave no trace. Nothing to worry about

🔗 Read More: catching unhandled promise rejection

![✔] 2.11 Fail fast, validate arguments using a dedicated library

TL;DR: Assert API input to avoid nasty bugs that are much harder to track later. The validation code is usually tedious unless you are using a modern validation library like ajv, zod, or typebox

Otherwise: Consider this – your function expects a numeric argument “Discount” which the caller forgets to pass, later on, your code checks if Discount!=0 (amount of allowed discount is greater than zero), then it will allow the user to enjoy a discount. OMG, what a nasty bug. Can you see it?

🔗 Read More: failing fast

![✔] 2.12 Always await promises before returning to avoid a partial stacktrace

🌟 #new

TL;DR: Always do return await when returning a promise to benefit full error stacktrace. If a
function returns a promise, that function must be declared as async function and explicitly
await the promise before returning it

Otherwise: The function that returns a promise without awaiting won't appear in the stacktrace.
Such missing frames would probably complicate the understanding of the flow that leads to the error,
especially if the cause of the abnormal behavior is inside of the missing function

🔗 Read More: returning promises

![✔] 2.13 Subscribe to event emitters and streams 'error' event

🌟 #new

TL;DR: Unlike typical functions, a try-catch clause won't get errors that originate from Event Emitters and anything inherited from it (e.g., streams). Instead of try-catch, subscribe to an event emitter's 'error' event so your code can handle the error in context. When dealing with EventTargets (the web standard version of Event Emitters) there are no 'error' event and all errors end in the process.on('error) global event - in this case, at least ensure that the process crash or not based on the desired context. Also, mind that error originating from _asynchronous_ event handlers are not get caught unless the event emitter is initialized with {captureRejections: true}

Otherwise: Event emitters are commonly used for global and key application functionality such as DB or message queue connection. When this kind of crucial objects throw an error, at best the process will crash due to unhandled exception. Even worst, it will stay alive as a zombie while a key functionality is turned off

⬆ Return to top

3. Code Patterns And Style Practices

![✔] 3.1 Use ESLint

TL;DR: ESLint is the de-facto standard for checking possible code errors and fixing code style, not only to identify nitty-gritty spacing issues but also to detect serious code anti-patterns like developers throwing errors without classification. Though ESLint can automatically fix code styles, other tools like prettier are more powerful in formatting the fix and work in conjunction with ESLint

Otherwise: Developers will focus on tedious spacing and line-width concerns and time might be wasted overthinking the project's code style

🔗 Read More: Using ESLint and Prettier

![✔] 3.2 Use Node.js eslint extension plugins

📝 #updated

TL;DR: On top of ESLint standard rules that cover vanilla JavaScript, add Node.js specific plugins like eslint-plugin-node, eslint-plugin-mocha and eslint-plugin-node-security, eslint-plugin-require, /eslint-plugin-jest and other useful rules

Otherwise: Many faulty Node.js code patterns might escape under the radar. For example, developers might require(variableAsPath) files with a variable given as a path which allows attackers to execute any JS script. Node.js linters can detect such patterns and complain early

![✔] 3.3 Start a Codeblock's Curly Braces on the Same Line

TL;DR: The opening curly braces of a code block should be on the same line as the opening statement

Code Example

// Do
function someFunction() {
  // code block
}

// Avoid
function someFunction()
{
  // code block
}

Otherwise: Deferring from this best practice might lead to unexpected results, as seen in the StackOverflow thread below:

🔗 Read more: "Why do results vary based on curly brace placement?" (StackOverflow)

![✔] 3.4 Separate your statements properly

No matter if you use semicolons or not to separate your statements, knowing the common pitfalls of improper linebreaks or automatic semicolon insertion, will help you to eliminate regular syntax errors.

TL;DR: Use ESLint to gain awareness about separation concerns. Prettier or Standardjs can automatically resolve these issues.

Otherwise: As seen in the previous section, JavaScript's interpreter automatically adds a semicolon at the end of a statement if there isn't one, or considers a statement as not ended where it should, which might lead to some undesired results. You can use assignments and avoid using immediately invoked function expressions to prevent most of the unexpected errors.

Code example

// Do
function doThing() {
    // ...
}

doThing()

// Do

const items = [1, 2, 3]
items.forEach(console.log)

// Avoid — throws exception
const m = new Map()
const a = [1,2,3]
[...m.values()].forEach(console.log)
> [...m.values()].forEach(console.log)
>  ^^^
> SyntaxError: Unexpected token ...

// Avoid — throws exception
const count = 2 // it tries to run 2(), but 2 is not a function
(function doSomething() {
  // do something amazing
}())
// put a semicolon before the immediate invoked function, after the const definition, save the return value of the anonymous function to a variable or avoid IIFEs altogether

🔗 Read more: "Semi ESLint rule"
🔗 Read more: "No unexpected multiline ESLint rule"

![✔] 3.5 Name your functions

TL;DR: Name all functions, including closures and callbacks. Avoid anonymous functions. This is especially useful when profiling a node app. Naming all functions will allow you to easily understand what you're looking at when checking a memory snapshot

Otherwise: Debugging production issues using a core dump (memory snapshot) might become challenging as you notice significant memory consumption from anonymous functions

![✔] 3.6 Use naming conventions for variables, constants, functions and classes

TL;DR: Use _lowerCamelCase_ when naming constants, variables and functions, _UpperCamelCase_ (capital first letter as well) when naming classes and _UPPER_SNAKE_CASE_ when naming global or static variables. This will help you to easily distinguish between plain variables, functions, classes that require instantiation and variables declared at global module scope. Use descriptive names, but try to keep them short

Otherwise: JavaScript is the only language in the world that allows invoking a constructor ("Class") directly without instantiating it first. Consequently, Classes and function-constructors are differentiated by starting with UpperCamelCase

3.6 Code Example

// for global variables names we use the const/let keyword and UPPER_SNAKE_CASE
let MUTABLE_GLOBAL = "mutable value";
const GLOBAL_CONSTANT = "immutable value";
const CONFIG = {
  key: "value",
};

// examples of UPPER_SNAKE_CASE convention in nodejs/javascript ecosystem
// in javascript Math.PI module
const PI = 3.141592653589793;

// https://github.com/nodejs/node/blob/b9f36062d7b5c5039498e98d2f2c180dca2a7065/lib/internal/http2/core.js#L303
// in nodejs http2 module
const HTTP_STATUS_OK = 200;
const HTTP_STATUS_CREATED = 201;

// for class name we use UpperCamelCase
class SomeClassExample {
  // for static class properties we use UPPER_SNAKE_CASE
  static STATIC_PROPERTY = "value";
}

// for functions names we use lowerCamelCase
function doSomething() {
  // for scoped variable names we use the const/let keyword and lowerCamelCase
  const someConstExample = "immutable value";
  let someMutableExample = "mutable value";
}

![✔] 3.7 Prefer const over let. Ditch the var

TL;DR: Using const means that once a variable is assigned, it cannot be reassigned. Preferring const will help you to not be tempted to use the same variable for different uses, and make your code clearer. If a variable needs to be reassigned, in a for loop, for example, use let to declare it. Another important aspect of let is that a variable declared using it is only available in the block scope in which it was defined. var is function scoped, not block-scoped, and shouldn't be used in ES6 now that you have const and let at your disposal

Otherwise: Debugging becomes way more cumbersome when following a variable that frequently changes

🔗 Read more: JavaScript ES6+: var, let, or const?

![✔] 3.8 Require modules first, not inside functions

TL;DR: Require modules at the beginning of each file, before and outside of any functions. This simple best practice will not only help you easily and quickly tell the dependencies of a file right at the top but also avoids a couple of potential problems

Otherwise: Requires are run synchronously by Node.js. If they are called from within a function, it may block other requests from being handled at a more critical time. Also, if a required module or any of its dependencies throw an error and crash the server, it is best to find out about it as soon as possible, which might not be the case if that module is required from within a function

![✔] 3.9 Set an explicit entry point to a module/folder

📝 #updated

TL;DR: When developing a module/library, set an explicit root file that exports the public and interesting code. Discourage the client code from importing deep files and becoming familiar with the internal structure. With commonjs (require), this can be done with an index.js file at the folder's root or the package.json.main field. With ESM (import), if a package.json exists on the root, the field "exports" allow specifying the module's root file. If no package.json exists, you may put an index.js file on the root which re-exports all the public functionality

Otherwise: Having an explicit root file acts like a public 'interface' that encapsulates the internal, directs the caller to the public code and facilitates future changes without breaking the contract

3.9 Code example - avoid coupling the client to the module structure

// Avoid: client has deep familiarity with the internals

// Client code
const SMSWithMedia = require("./SMSProvider/providers/media/media-provider.js");

// Better: explicitly export the public functions

//index.js, module code
module.exports.SMSWithMedia = require("./SMSProvider/providers/media/media-provider.js");

// Client code
const { SMSWithMedia } = require("./SMSProvider");

![✔] 3.10 Use the === operator

TL;DR: Prefer the strict equality operator === over the weaker abstract equality operator ==. == will compare two variables after converting them to a common type. There is no type conversion in ===, and both variables must be of the same type to be equal

Otherwise: Unequal variables might return true when compared with the == operator

3.10 Code example

"" == "0"; // false
0 == ""; // true
0 == "0"; // true

false == "false"; // false
false == "0"; // true

false == undefined; // false
false == null; // false
null == undefined; // true

" trn " == 0; // true

All statements above will return false if used with ===

![✔] 3.11 Use Async Await, avoid callbacks

TL;DR: Async-await is the simplest way to express an asynchronous flow as it makes asynchronous code look synchronous. Async-await will also result in much more compact code and support for try-catch. This technique now supersedes callbacks and promises in _most_ cases. Using it in your code is probably the best gift one can give to the code reader

Otherwise: Handling async errors in callback style are probably the fastest way to hell - this style forces to check errors all over, deal with awkward code nesting, and makes it difficult to reason about the code flow

🔗Read more: Guide to async-await 1.0

![✔] 3.12 Use arrow function expressions (=>)

TL;DR: Though it's recommended to use async-await and avoid function parameters when dealing with older APIs that accept promises or callbacks - arrow functions make the code structure more compact and keep the lexical context of the root function (i.e. this)

Otherwise: Longer code (in ES5 functions) is more prone to bugs and cumbersome to read

🔗 Read more: It’s Time to Embrace Arrow Functions

![✔] 3.13 Avoid effects outside of functions

🌟 #new

TL;DR: Avoid putting code with effects like network or DB calls outside of functions. Such a code will be executed immediately when another file requires the file. This 'floating' code might get executed when the underlying system is not ready yet. It also comes with a performance penalty even when this module's functions will finally not be used in runtime. Last, mocking these DB/network calls for testing is harder outside of functions. Instead, put this code inside functions that should get called explicitly. If some DB/network code must get executed right when the module loads, consider using the factory or revealing module patterns

Otherwise: A typical web framework sets error handler, environment variables and monitoring. When DB/network calls are made before the web framework is initialized, they won't be monitored or fail due to a lack of configuration data

⬆ Return to top

4. Testing And Overall Quality Practices

_We have dedicated guides for testing, see below. The best practices list here is a brief summary of these guides

a. JavaScript testing best practices
b. Node.js testing - beyond the basics
_

![✔] 4.1 At the very least, write API (component) testing

TL;DR: Most projects just don't have any automated testing due to short timetables or often the 'testing project' ran out of control and was abandoned. For that reason, prioritize and start with API testing which is the easiest way to write and provides more coverage than unit testing (you may even craft API tests without code using tools like Postman). Afterwards, should you have more resources and time, continue with advanced test types like unit testing, DB testing, performance testing, etc

Otherwise: You may spend long days on writing unit tests to find out that you got only 20% system coverage

![✔] 4.2 Include 3 parts in each test name

🌟 #new

TL;DR: Make the test speak at the requirements level so it's self-explanatory also to QA engineers and developers who are not familiar with the code internals. State in the test name what is being tested (unit under test), under what circumstances, and what is the expected result

Otherwise: A deployment just failed, a test named “Add product” failed. Does this tell you what exactly is malfunctioning?

🔗 Read More: Include 3 parts in each test name

![✔] 4.3 Structure tests by the AAA pattern

🌟 #new

TL;DR: Structure your tests with 3 well-separated sections: Arrange, Act & Assert (AAA)