turbovec – RyanCodrai

A 10 million document corpus takes 31 GB of RAM as float32. turbovec fits it in 4 GB - and searches it faster than FAISS.

turbovec is a Rust vector index with Python bindings, built on Google Research's TurboQuant algorithm — a data-oblivious quantizer with near-optimal distortion and no separate training phase.

• Online ingest. Add vectors, they're indexed — no train step, no parameter tuning, no rebuilds as the corpus grows.
• Fast SIMD search. Hand-written NEON (ARM) and AVX-512BW (x86) kernels beat FAISS IndexPQFastScan by 10–19% on ARM; on x86 they win the 4-bit configs and trail by a few percent on 2-bit.
• Filter at search time. Pass an id allowlist (or a slot bitmask) to search() and the kernel honours it directly. You always get up to k results from the allowed set — no over-fetching, no recall hit on selective filters.
• Pure local. No managed service, no data leaving your machine or VPC. Pair with any open-source embedding model for a fully air-gapped RAG stack.

Building RAG where privacy, memory, or latency matters? You're in the right place.

Python

pip install turbovec

from turbovec import TurboQuantIndex

index = TurboQuantIndex(dim=1536, bit_width=4)
index.add(vectors)
index.add(more_vectors)

scores, indices = index.search(query, k=10)

index.write("my_index.tv")
loaded = TurboQuantIndex.load("my_index.tv")

vectors and query are 2-D float32 arrays of shape (n, dim) — other dtypes are rejected rather than silently converted, so cast with np.asarray(x, dtype=np.float32) first if needed.

Need stable ids that survive deletes? Use IdMapIndex:

import numpy as np
from turbovec import IdMapIndex

index = IdMapIndex(dim=1536, bit_width=4)
index.add_with_ids(vectors, np.array([1001, 1002, 1003], dtype=np.uint64))

scores, ids = index.search(query, k=10)   # ids are your uint64 external ids
index.remove(1002)                         # O(1) by id

index.write("my_index.tvim")
loaded = IdMapIndex.load("my_index.tvim")

Hybrid retrieval (filtered search)

Restrict results to a candidate set produced by another system (SQL, BM25, ACL, time window, …):

import numpy as np
from turbovec import IdMapIndex

idx = IdMapIndex(dim=1536, bit_width=4)
idx.add_with_ids(vectors, ids)

# Stage 1: external system narrows to candidate ids.
allowed = np.array(db.execute("SELECT id FROM docs WHERE tenant=?", (t,)).fetchall(),
                   dtype=np.uint64)

# Stage 2: dense rerank within the candidate set.
scores, ids = idx.search(query, k=10, allowlist=allowed)

Filtering happens inside the SIMD kernel at 32-vector block granularity: blocks with no allowed slots are short-circuited before any LUT lookup or scoring work, and individual non-allowed slots inside scored blocks are dropped at heap-insert. Selective allowlists (small fraction of the index allowed) therefore avoid most of the SIMD cost rather than paying it and discarding the result afterwards.

The output length is min(k, len(allowed)) — when the allowlist is smaller than k you get exactly len(allowed) results rather than padded fallbacks.

See <code class="ra0-md-code">docs/api.md</code> for the full reference.

Framework integrations

Drop-in replacements for the in-tree reference vector / document stores in each framework. Same public surface, same persistence semantics, same retriever and pipeline wiring — swap the import and keep your pipeline.

• LangChain — pip install turbovec[langchain] · replaces langchain_core.vectorstores.InMemoryVectorStore
• LlamaIndex — pip install turbovec[llama-index] · replaces llama_index.core.vector_stores.SimpleVectorStore
• Haystack — pip install turbovec[haystack] · replaces haystack.document_stores.in_memory.InMemoryDocumentStore
• Agno — pip install turbovec[agno] · replaces agno.vectordb.lancedb.LanceDb

Rust

cargo add turbovec

use turbovec::TurboQuantIndex;

let mut index = TurboQuantIndex::new(1536, 4).unwrap();
index.add(&vectors);
let results = index.search(&queries, 10);
index.write("index.tv").unwrap();
let loaded = TurboQuantIndex::load("index.tv").unwrap();

For stable external ids that survive deletes:

use turbovec::IdMapIndex;

let mut index = IdMapIndex::new(1536, 4).unwrap();
index.add_with_ids(&vectors, &[1001, 1002, 1003]).unwrap();
let (scores, ids) = index.search(&queries, 10);
index.remove(1002);
index.write("index.tvim").unwrap();
let loaded = IdMapIndex::load("index.tvim").unwrap();

Recall

TurboQuant vs FAISS IndexPQ (LUT256, nbits=8) — the paper's Section 4.4 baseline. 100K vectors, k=64. FAISS PQ sub-quantizer counts sized to match TurboQuant's bit rate (m=d/4 at 2-bit, m=d/2 at 4-bit).

!Recall GloVe d=200

!Recall d=1536

!Recall d=3072

Across OpenAI d=1536 and d=3072, TurboQuant beats FAISS by 0.2–1.9 points at R@1 across 2-bit and 4-bit, and both reach 1.0 by k=8 (≥0.997 already at k=4). GloVe d=200 is the harder regime — at low dim the asymptotic Beta assumption is looser. TurboQuant beats FAISS by 0.9 points at 4-bit and is effectively tied at 2-bit (within 0.1 points) at R@1, both tracking FAISS closely by k≈16.

A note on baselines. We compare against FAISS IndexPQ (LUT256, nbits=8, float32 LUT) because it's the default production-grade PQ most users would reach for. This is a stronger baseline than the custom u8-LUT PQ in the TurboQuant paper — FAISS uses a higher-precision LUT at scoring time and k-means++ for codebook training. We reproduce the paper's TurboQuant numbers on OpenAI d=1536 / d=3072 and hit similar numbers to other community reference implementations on low-dim embeddings (see <code class="ra0-md-code">turboquant-py</code> at d=384). On GloVe (d=200) — the low-dim regime where the asymptotic Beta assumption is loosest — TurboQuant lands level with FAISS at 2-bit and ahead at 4-bit; TQ+ calibration closes the low-dim gap the base algorithm leaves.

Full results: d=1536 2-bit, d=1536 4-bit, d=3072 2-bit, d=3072 4-bit, GloVe 2-bit, GloVe 4-bit.

Compression

!Compression

Search Speed

All benchmarks: 100K vectors, 1K queries, k=64, median of 5 runs.

ARM (Apple M3 Max)

!ARM Speed — Single-threaded

!ARM Speed — Multi-threaded

On ARM, TurboQuant beats FAISS FastScan by 10–19% across every config.

x86 (Intel Xeon Platinum 8481C / Sapphire Rapids, 8 vCPUs)

!x86 Speed — Single-threaded

!x86 Speed — Multi-threaded

On x86, TurboQuant wins the 4-bit configs by up to ~5% (d=3072 multi-threaded ties) and is modestly behind FAISS on 2-bit — most visibly d=1536 single-threaded (~8%), within a few percent on the rest — where FAISS's AVX-512 VBMI path has the edge on the short 2-bit accumulate loop.

Insertion & Removal Speed

Same corpus as the search cells: 100K OpenAI vectors, median of 5 runs, fresh index per timed run. Insertion measures bulk add() into an empty index (one-time rotation/codebook init and TQ+ calibration fit included) and a warm 10K append with calibration frozen (the steady-state encode path), against FAISS IndexPQFastScan bulk add (training untimed). Removal measures per-op latency of IdMapIndex.remove(id) against raw TurboQuantIndex.swap_remove — both O(1) swap-and-pop; the gap is the id-map bookkeeping. Single-threaded cells pin RAYON_NUM_THREADS=1. Scripts: <code class="ra0-md-code">benchmarks/suite/</code>.

ARM (Apple M3 Max)

!ARM Insertion — Single-threaded

!ARM Insertion — Multi-threaded

!ARM Removal — Single-threaded

Full results: d=1536 2-bit insert ST, MT, d=1536 4-bit insert ST, MT, d=3072 2-bit insert ST, MT, d=3072 4-bit insert ST, MT, and the matching <code class="ra0-md-code">speed_remove_*</code> files.

x86 (Intel Xeon Platinum 8481C / Sapphire Rapids, 8 vCPUs)

!x86 Insertion — Single-threaded

!x86 Insertion — Multi-threaded

!x86 Removal — Single-threaded

Full results: d=1536 2-bit insert ST, MT, d=1536 4-bit insert ST, MT, d=3072 2-bit insert ST, MT, d=3072 4-bit insert ST, MT, and the matching <code class="ra0-md-code">speed_remove_*</code> files.

How it works

Each vector is a direction on a high-dimensional hypersphere. TurboQuant compresses these directions using a simple insight: after applying a random rotation, every coordinate follows a known distribution -- regardless of the input data.

1. Normalize. Strip the length (norm) from each vector and store it as a single float. Now every vector is a unit direction on the hypersphere.

2. Random rotation. Multiply all vectors by the same random orthogonal matrix. After rotation, each coordinate independently follows a Beta distribution that converges to Gaussian N(0, 1/d) in high dimensions. This holds for any input data -- the rotation makes the coordinate distribution predictable.

3. Per-coordinate calibration (TQ+). The Beta distribution from step 2 is asymptotic — at finite dimensions, individual coordinates drift from the canonical shape (especially low-bit and word-vector-style embeddings). TQ+ fits two scalars per coordinate — a shift and a scale — during the first add, mapping each coordinate's empirical 5/95% quantiles onto the canonical Beta marginal. The Lloyd-Max codebook then quantizes against the target distribution it was designed for. The calibration is frozen after the first add and reused by subsequent adds — no retraining, no rebuilds, no separate train phase. Recall gain: up to +1.4pp at @1 on the cells that drift most (e.g. GloVe at 2-bit).

4. Lloyd-Max scalar quantization. Since the distribution is known, we can precompute the optimal way to bucket each coordinate. For 2-bit, that's 4 buckets; for 4-bit, 16 buckets. The Lloyd-Max algorithm finds bucket boundaries and centroids that minimize mean squared error. These are computed once from the math, not from the data.

5. Bit-pack. Each coordinate is now a small integer (0-3 for 2-bit, 0-15 for 4-bit). Pack these tightly into bytes. A 1536-dim vector goes from 6,144 bytes (FP32) to 384 bytes (2-bit). That's 16x compression.

6. Length-renormalized scoring. Scalar quantization systematically underestimates inner products — the reconstructed unit direction is a little shorter than the original. We compute one scalar per vector at encode time — the inner product of the rotated unit vector with its own centroid reconstruction — and store ||v|| / ⟨u, x̂⟩ alongside each compressed vector. The search kernel multiplies the per-candidate score by this scalar before heap insertion, turning the inner-product estimator from downward-biased into unbiased at zero search-time cost and zero extra storage. The recall gain shows up most at low bit widths, where the quantization shrinkage is largest.

Encoding cost: one extra d-dimensional dot product per vector to compute ⟨u, x̂⟩. On 1M vectors at d=1536 this is sub-second of additional encode time — a one-shot price paid at ingest, not at query.

Search. Instead of decompressing every database vector, we rotate the query once into the same domain and score directly against the codebook values. The scoring kernel uses SIMD intrinsics (NEON on ARM; AVX-512BW on modern x86, falling back to AVX2, then to a scalar path on pre-AVX2 CPUs) with nibble-split lookup tables for maximum throughput.

The Lloyd-Max codebook achieves distortion within a factor of 2.7x of the information-theoretic lower bound (Shannon's distortion-rate limit); the length-renormalization step removes the residual bias the Lloyd-Max codebook introduces on the inner-product estimator itself.

Building

Python (via maturin)

pip install maturin
cd turbovec-python
maturin build --release
pip install target/wheels/*.whl

Rust

cargo build --release

All x86_64 builds target x86-64-v2 (SSE4.2 baseline, Nehalem 2008+) via .cargo/config.toml, so any x86-64-v2 CPU can run the whole crate. The AVX-512 and AVX2 kernels are #[target_feature]-gated and selected at runtime via is_x86_feature_detected!, so they kick in on hardware that supports them regardless of the compile baseline; CPUs with neither run the scalar fallback.

Running benchmarks

Download datasets:

python3 benchmarks/download_data.py all            # all datasets
python3 benchmarks/download_data.py glove          # GloVe d=200
python3 benchmarks/download_data.py openai-1536    # OpenAI DBpedia d=1536
python3 benchmarks/download_data.py openai-3072    # OpenAI DBpedia d=3072

Each benchmark is a self-contained script in benchmarks/suite/. Run any one individually:

python3 benchmarks/suite/speed_d1536_2bit_arm_mt.py
python3 benchmarks/suite/recall_d1536_2bit.py
python3 benchmarks/suite/compression.py

Run all benchmarks for a category:

for f in benchmarks/suite/speed_*arm*.py; do python3 "$f"; done    # all ARM speed
for f in benchmarks/suite/speed_*x86*.py; do python3 "$f"; done    # all x86 speed
for f in benchmarks/suite/recall_*.py; do python3 "$f"; done       # all recall
python3 benchmarks/suite/compression.py                            # compression

Results are saved as JSON to benchmarks/results/. Regenerate charts:

python3 benchmarks/create_diagrams.py

References

• TurboQuant: Online Vector Quantization with Near-optimal Distortion Rate (ICLR 2026) -- the paper this implements
• RaBitQ: Quantizing High-Dimensional Vectors with a Theoretical Error Bound for Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search (SIGMOD 2024) -- the source of the per-vector length-renormalization correction adapted in step 5
• FAISS Fast accumulation of PQ and AQ codes) -- turbovec's x86 SIMD kernel adapts FastScan's pack layout, nibble-LUT scoring, and u16 accumulator strategy